Tamilnadu is proud to have many hundreds of ultramodern hospitals and many thousands of petty clinics, nursing homes and minor hospitals. To meet the needs of 60,000,000 public the number hospitals and health care centers are inadequate. Around 63% are literate in that 130058 sqkm area. Railways stretch to above 3938 kms. But still with many infrastructures and with wide variety of floating population health care needs and disposal of medical wastes are yet to be pondered into seriously.

The most sophisticated and most popular hospital like Apollo hospitals has its head quarters here in Tamilnadu. It has 32 hospitals around the world with 570 beds, 3300 public on its role 420 doctors 2600 support personnels in its Indira Prastha Medical Corporation in Delhi for which Apollo has obtained the gold seal of quality from Joint commission universal of the US. Totally in 32 hospitals owned by Apollo there are 7000 beds and 16000 employees. that is the only hospital in Chennai which takes utmost care for its medical waste disposal. To preserve quality and to attract multivarious patients from various countries the management in Chennai head office has a team of service minded staff to clear all medical wastes. Due to that IMCL obtained ICI certification eventhough 5 hospitals like Ramachandra Medical Hospital, Chennai Wockhardt in Mumbai, Manipal hospital in Mangalore etc were in the que.

Actually Chennai, India attract 160,000 foreigners for treatment from Europe, middle East and Canada with an earning of $33 million year. So there is a competition to improve health environment in the hospitals in Tamilnadu. But still more to be done as illiteracy, negligence and lack of civic sense dominates majority of the population.

The statisticians say that 33585 kilos of medicals wastes are generated everyday. It covers all medical centers, veterinary hospitals, petty nursing homes, tryout laboratories, maternity hospitals, district health care units etc.

It is staggering to note that annually about 5 crores kilos of medicall wastes are produced and the enviromentals fear that it would spread dreadful diseases like cancer; Aids and contagious diseases to the future generation.

The recently renovated Govt. general hospital is along the river Cooum which is the dirtiest river in India. Rs. 104 crore have been spent to reconstruct that 7 starey twin tower Hospital run by govt. of Tamilnadu with 18 lifts, parking facilities to accommodate 100 cars, a conference corridor to accommodate 250, centralised AC, 700 doctors, 1800 beds, 17 surgical units with digital camera, video conferencing facilities for surgeons, Asias biggest blood bank, 57 male nurses and female nurses 450. For such a huge hospital to preserve the disposal of medical wastes is not an easy job. So the govt. decided to leave it to private parties thro open tender. Around 50 persons have been posted temporality to manage the wastes. Bone bank is another specialty in that hospital. that is the only one in India says the Dr. Mayilaganan. To cater the needs of the poor, metal plates are fixed at free of cost in his hospital even though other hospitals charge Rs.30,000 to Rs. 40,000. Bones available here have been imported from Bone bank of Ceylon. The doctors say that they can preserve bones for 5 years with the equipments they possess.

Inspite of so many advanced facilities the unusable, most contaminated river Cooum spoils the whole Mega project. Unless severe steps are taken to clear all the medical wastes properly, the river along that hospital will become another godown of medical wastes thrown out by that multicrore huge hospital. As it caters the needs of the poor, many thousands will throng everyday and upkeep itself is a big project. These poor are uneducated and lack decorum. So the fascinating hospital area will turn into a slum whether proper check is not done. Spitting, vomitting, defecating along the corridors, sit outs, lounge and balconies will have to be watched every 24 hrs and it has to be cleared soon after and there.

Disposal of medicines by the inpatients and outpatients will plus a big head ache. Several stainless steel waste baskets have been provided but lack of civil sense will only build the area scattered with unwanted wastes.

Coimbatore is another big city in Tamilnadu. It is popular for textile mills and textile commerce. It is said that about 600 tonne of municipal and medical wastes are generated per day in that city out of that 35 tpd are recyclable waste say the authorities. that huge waste is dumped in Vellalore compost yard a few Kilometers absent from heart of the city.

The municipal corporation of Coimbatore intends to start a recycling plant as well as a plant for composting waste on BOT basis by engaging private investors and companies. that recycling plant will be built in Ukkadam. The area allotted is 5 acres for a lease basis of 25 years.

As huge waste along with medical wastes are created every day. The corporation has assured to supply 50 tonnes of recyclable non-biodegradable waste day per day at the site at a royalty of Rs.5.50 per tonne.

The corporation is keen to give opportunities to private parties to profile a solid waste treatment plant with segregated, biodegradable municipal solid waste and biological manure at Vellalore compost yard. For that project 15 acres of land will be allocated. The corporation will ensure to supply 50 tonnes of biodegradable trashcan per day at the site at a royalty Rs.5.50 per tonne. that is expected to expand to 100 tpd in future years.

The investor has to supply internal approaches, sheds, electrification platforms, drainage and plumbing.

Since the corporation of Coimbatore is keen in eliminating the wastes spreading of bacterial diseases can be avoided. whether the project fail to come out successfully soon after the entire city will be contaminated with virus to spread filaria, diphtheria and skin diseases say the environmentalists.

The wastes from that hospital contains sharp needles which have caused contagious diseases. The chemical wastes have resulted in skin diseases and eyesores say the research workers. The disposed wastes mix with the river flowing along it to spread foul smell and virus infections. We can see a battalion of pigs always wandering along that coouum river to add more infection and damages. The medical wastes join with the domestic wastes of millions living in Chennai city to invent it more dangerous. Environmental hazards due to pungent smell spoils the atmosphere where that multicore renovated hospital stands with pride (?).

There is a rule and law that whether any individual gets affected due to improper handling of medical wastes thereupon that hospital authorities will be considered as a crime. Inspite of that many under developed hospitals disregard the rules and regulations in disposal of hospital wastes.

Take for example KAPV medical college govt. hospital a main hospital in Trichy, a main town in Tamilnadu.

It has many hundreds of beds and doctors. As the poor have to fully depend upon such hospitals, many hundreds of inpatients and many thousands of outpatients throng that hospital everyday for treatment. The reports from environmentalists have revealed that all rules and regulations to dispose off medical wastes have been ignored badly. Cotton wastes with blood stains, injection needles with contamination, Glucose bottles stained bandages, medicine wastes are found thrown out at the corner of hospitals in heaps. One could see dogs and crows digging the wastes and causing a much more nasty atmosphere. During rain showers all the wastes spread and spoil the area around and additionally the ground water. that water mixes with roadside drains where many residents inhale all through the day. School going Children are the most affected by that calamity to environment Expired medicines, cydo toxic medicines partly used medicines are to be buried safely. But that practice is not followed there says the environmentalists. The situation is still worse for economically underdeveloped hospitals and clinics in Trichy.

Human limbs, bedspreads, pillows with infections and puss, surgical Knives, used and unused scissors, cotton bandages etc should have been disposed and destroyed to avoid spreading of diseases. But it is not done so.

In Uyyakondan canal in Trichy one could witness medical wastes heaped like a mini hill. whether that situation continues thereupon Trichy will be a place for plague, cancer, diptheria and Aids shouts an environmentalist.

Let us see the wastes generated in Tamil Nadu

Hospitals	Medical waste generated / day (Kilos)	Year Kilos
Medical college hospitals	11	16999	5444706
District hospitals	25	12346	5406290
District sub hospitals	246	18514	6757610
Primary health centres	1413	13389	4886985
Health service centres	8682	8682
Health welfare centres	107	3798	1386270
Private hospitals	45000	16425000
Total	133585	46489595

The study on environment has been neglected for a expanded period in many educational institutes and school syllabus. So that has aggravated the seriousness of poor waste disposal in hospitals.

In the newly built govt. general hospital in Chennai the VIPs staying in Air-conditioned room alone escape from the stinking smell of the Cooum river flowing nearby. The environmentalist loudly protest that multi care investment has been wasted as the river contamination and unhealthy atmosphere will cause additional virus infections whether any medicine, food or bed sheets kept exposed. continual monitoring and cleaning with robust antibiotic floor cleaner and dishwashers can alone save the poor patients. Through they have increased the number of beds and more sophisticated facilities the mortuary accommodation remains the same. So managing the dead bodies will be a big burden feels a social worker.

The statisticians say that major Indian women weigh less than 40kg and about 80% adolescent girls are anemic due to poor intake of nourishing food items. To take care of the Indian women many agencies have sprouted in India. But very few care for the environment in hospitals which is the root cause of all blood cancers, AIDs, diptheria and Malaria.

The contaminated wastes of hospitals in Tamilnadu disregard the waste treatment operations like multiple chamber pathological waste incinerator, rotary kiln incinerator and controlled air incinerator.

Steam sterilization, dry heat sterilization, gas vapour sterilization and radiation sterilization are not followed meticulously by the hospitals in backward areas. Rural population gets the most number of contagious diseases laments the environmentalist.

Though Exnora, a NGO group of environmentalists work day and night to clear all the garbages in Chennai still much more is to be done. It is advised that servants, assistants and supervisors posted in hospitals should not only possess a degree or diploma but should plus undergo vigorous training thro’ environmentalists like Exnora. soon after only the environment of Tamilnadu hospitals will be neat and tidy to safeguard the suffering patients undergoing treatment there.

Due to that heaps of hospital wastes in many places not only in Tamilnadu but additionally in many parts of India the water has been polluted. Let us see the polluted values determined by environmental research students

Table 1

Consumption of Pesticides in India

Pesticides	Tonne
BHC	24,252
DDT	9,980
Malathion	1,732
Me-parathion
Metacystox	1,279
Fenitrothian
Endrin	986
Dimethoate	347
Quinolphos	192
Aldrin
Chlordance	317
Heptachlor
Zineb
Meneb	68
2, 4 -D	96
Other pesticides	17,540
Total	58,540

Table 2

Pesticides organization of India: Product-Wise Production of Technical Grade Pesticides in India

Insecticides	Ins.Cap.	Production intis, tonne
BHC	37000	30241
DDT	9088	5960
Malathion	7600	2400
Parathion (methyl)	4500	2356
Fenitrothion	500	25
Fenthion	-	156
Dimethoate	2331	2000
DDVP	2660	2400
Quinalphos	1800	1600
Monocrotophos	13635	7247
Phosphanridon	4510	1991
Phorate	3950	3305
Ethion	850	754
Endosulphan	7300	7373
Fenvalerate	1250	1240
Cypermathrin	1060	1040
Anilophos	1000	-
Acephate	500	467
Chorphriphos	800	315
Phosalone	1000	357
Metasystox	250	376
Abate	-	317
Triazophos	-	-
Total	101584	72167
Fungicides
Captan and captafol	1800	520
Thriam (Thiocarvanate)	180	-
Ziram (Thiedabamate)	384	121
Carbendazim (bavistion)	1175	700
Calixin	470	171
Mancozab	4000	4046
Total	8009	5558

Herbicides
2, 4- D	1760		740
Butachlor	4060		822
Isoprotruon	3900		2600
Basalin	300		136
Total	10020		4298
Redenticides
Zine phosphide Fumigants		860		519
Aluminium Phosphide		1300		1467
Methyl bromides		300		1545
Total		1600		3012
Grand total		122073		8408
Source: DPC (1995)

Table 3

Recommended Limits for Pesticides in Drinking Water, in

Pesticides
(a) Chlorinated pesticidesAldrin Chlordane DDT Dieldrin Endrin Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Lindane Methoxychlor Toxaphene	1 3 50 1 0.5 0.1 0.1 5.0 1000 5.0
(b) Chlorophenoxy herbicides2, 4 - D 2, 4, 5 - TP (Silvex) 2, 4, 5 - T (c) Carbamate and Organophosphorous	20 30 2 100
Note: RCWQC (1979)

Table 4

Relative Persistence of Some Pesticides in Natural Waters

Non-Persistent (a)	Slightly persistent (b)	Moderately Persistent (c)	Persistent (d)
Azinophos methyl	Aldrin	Aldicarb	Benomyl
Captan	Amitrole	Atrazine	Dieldrin
Carbaryl	CDAA	Ametryne	Endrin
Chloro phriphos	CDEC	Carbofuran	Hexachelorobenzene
Dementon	Chloramben	Carboxin	Heptachlor
Dischlorovos	Chlorparapham	Chlordane	Isudrin
Dischlorotophos	CIPC	Chlor fevinphos	Monocrotophos
Diquat	Dalphaon	Chlorfevinphos
DNOC	Diazinon	Chloroxuron
Endothal	Disulphoton	Dimethoate
Fenitrostion	DNBP	Diphenamid
IPC	EPTC	Diuron
Malathion	Fenuron	Ethion
Methiocarb	MCPA	Fensulphothion
Methoprene	Methozychlor	Fonotos
Methyl parathion	Monuron	Lindane
Mevinphos	Phorate	Linuron terbocil
Parathion	Propham	Prometone taxaphane
Phosphamidon	SWCP	Poropazine trifluralin
Propoxur	TCA	Quintozene
Pyrethrium	Thiromazin	Simazine
Potenone	Vernolate	TBA
Tempephos
(a) Half life less than 2 week	(b) Half life less than 2 to 6 week	(c) Hlf life more than 6 month	Half life more than 6 month
Ref: Mcewen and Stephenson

STATISTICS OF WASTE WATER AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN INDIA

COLLECTED BY ENVIRONMENTALIST RESEARCHES

Table 1. Physico - Chemical Characteristics of municipal wastewater approach village Nayajupura, in mg / L

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	16.2	28.8	23.7
pH	7.1	7.3	7.2
Conductance S/cm	957	1662	1355
Turbidity, NTU	73	86	79
Dissolved solids	867	1247	1071
Total solids	1500	2239	1904
Alkallnity	268	449	360
Dissolved oxygen	nll	0.5	0.2
BOD	297	628	446
COD	370	799	550
Chlorlde	71	106	87.6
Sulphate	38	63	45.6
Phosphate	2.00	2.38	2.17
Nitrate	5.0	7.8	6.0
Ammonia	12.4	18.9	15.1
Sodium	58	121	79.9
Potassium	21	55	36.5
Calcium	63	101	80.8
Magnesium	16	39	26.8

Table : 2, Physico - chemical characteristics of municipal wastewater approach Shamli bus stand, in mg/L

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	18.1	28.8	24.4
pH	7.2	7.4	7.3
Conductance S/cm	1141	1910	1555
Turbidity, NTU	85	99	92
Dissolved solids	777	1160	970
Suspended solids	761	1353	1092
Total solids	1538	2513	2062
Alkallnity	310	531	424
Dissolved oxygen	Nil	0.6	0.3
BOD	291	638	447
COD	368	808	571
Chlorlde	69	115	92.5
Sulphate	37	81	50.9
Phosphate	1.80	2.70	2.28
Nitrate	5.0	7.7	6.04
Ammonia	14.5	20.8	16.8
Sodium	61	131	86.9
Potassium	23	64	43.2
Calcium	65	101	84.2
Magnesium	18	43	30.5

Table : 3, Physico - chemical characteristics of combined industrial waste in Uttarpradesh in mg/L characteristics

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	20.7	31.9	26.8
pH	7.1	7.3	7.2
Conductance S/cm	1010	1265	1107
Turbidity, NTU	127	148	134
Dissolved solids	644	820	707
Suspended solids	331	476	369
Total solids	975	1296	1076
Alkallnity	539	797	652
Dissolved oxygen	nil	nil	nil
BOD	309	637	456
COD	412	853	616
Chlorlde	52	100	68
Sulphate	43	85	57.8
Phosphate	0.50	0.77	0.64
Nitrate	10.3	14.7	12.4
Ammonia	9.1	12.9	10.9
Sodium	121	269	19
Potassium	21	48	32.4
Calcium	61	108	78.3
Magnesium	16	29	20.6

Table : 4, Physico - chemical characteristics of Mansurpur sugar mill waste, in mg/L

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	28.0	38.2	31.6
pH	6.2	6.3	6.3
Conductance S/cm	2790	3830	3468
Turbidity, NTU	186	192	188
Dissolved solids	1698	2015	1852
Suspended solids	2558	3357	3056
Total solids	4256	5372	4909
Alkallnity	830	1197	1007
Dissolved oxygen	nil	nil	nil
BOD	982	1414	1275
COD	1512	1913	1765
Chlorlde	123	201	169
Sulphate	118	200	166
Phosphate	1.00	2.00	1.56
Sodium	118	198	164
Potassium	154	259	202
Calcium	176	251	214
Magnesium	29	46	35.1

Table : 5, Physico - chemical characteristics of Kali river water in Uttarpradesh at upstream section, in mg/L

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	16.4	29.4	23.8
pH	7.6	7.7	7.6
Conductance S/cm	290	500	402
Turbidity, NTU	17	30	21
Dissolved solids	185	340	268
Suspended solids	23	42	32
Total solids	213	382	300
Alkallnity	143	278	199
Dissolved oxygen	7.0	7.7	7.5
BOD	15	28	22
COD	20	41	31
Chlorlde	6.0	15	9.1
Sulphate	13	26	18.7
Phosphate	0.15	0.32	0.22
Nitrate	1.60	2.60	1.96
Ammonia	0.20	0.40	0.30
Sodium	18	31	22.3
Potassium	5.0	6.0	5.0
Calcium	33	69	48.8
Magnesium	11	20	15.1

Table : 6, Physico - chemical characteristics of Kali river water at downstream section, in mg/L

Characteristics	Values
	Min	Max	Avg
Temperature oC	18.8	31.1	25.6
pH	7.2	7.3	7.3
Conductance S/cm	430	780	587
Turbidity, NTU	41	55	46
Dissolved solids	250	490	364
Suspended solids	130	225	176
Total solids	380	710	540
Alkallnity	205	338	268
Dissolved oxygen	2.1	3.0	2.7
BOD	94	130	111
COD	112	169	141
Chlorlde	20	41	30
Sulphate	20	46	31
Phosphate	0.37	0.66	0.51
Nitrate	3.10	4.00	3.41
Ammonia	1.80	2.65	2.18
Sodium	41	62	49.2
Potassium	13	33	19.8
Calcium	48	78	59.8
Magnesium	13	26	19.3

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